A thermodynamically consistent two surface/bubble thermo-mechanical model considering thermal and mechanical cyclic behaviour of fine-grained soils

The formulation of a two surface/bubble thermo-mechanical constitutive model consistent with the principles thermodynamics is presented. This allows plastic deformations inside outer yield surface, resulting in smooth stress–strain prediction and progressive cyclic deformations. achieved by translation inner surface (also known as bubble surface) stress state soil, using kinematic rule. equations, including hardening rules, are derived specifying Gibbs-type energy potential rate dissipation function, ensuring thermodynamic consistency. rule divided into isothermal non-isothermal parts. With component, capable capturing hysteresis behaviour soils during mechanical loading. part, able to predict shakedown observed when they subjected heating–cooling cycles. performance compared various experimental data for conditions, shown be good agreement.